Question 1

Which gene is an example of a DNA repair gene involved in detecting DNA damage and has an important role in cell cycle progression?

Accepted Answer

ATM

Question 2

Multiple double-stranded DNA breaks can lead to high rates of what?

Accepted Answer

Chromosomal rearrangements

Question 3

The syndrome of ataxia-telangiectasia is associated with progressive cerebellar ataxia and a high incidence of what?

Accepted Answer

Malignancies

Question 4

Genes that confer a high probability of susceptibility to specific cancers are usually:

Accepted Answer

Dominantly inherited and highly penetrant

Question 5

Mutations in which genes account for the majority of hereditary breast carcinomas?

Accepted Answer

BRCA1/2

Question 6

What is the estimated lifetime risk of breast carcinoma for carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations?

Accepted Answer

55-85%

Question 7

The RB1 gene, located on chromosome 13, encodes a nuclear protein that acts as a:

Accepted Answer

Tumor suppressor

Question 8

Inactivation of both alleles of the RB1 gene causes which condition?

Accepted Answer

Retinoblastoma

Question 9

Mutations in the APC gene are associated with which condition, characterized by numerous colonic adenomas?

Accepted Answer

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)

Question 10

Tumour viruses expressing genes that disrupt the activity of tumor suppressor genes are an example of genes with modest effects that may interact with what?

Accepted Answer

Environmental factors

Question 11

Genetic (somatic) mutations caused by recognizable carcinogens can lead to which type of cancers?

Accepted Answer

Sporadic cancers

Question 12

Which of the following is listed as an exogenous carcinogen that can cause somatic mutations?

Accepted Answer

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Question 13

The science of EPIGENETICS has established that other modifications can occur in the genetic code that influence:

Accepted Answer

Gene expression

Question 14

Most cancers are thought to arise as monoclonal, meaning they originate from:

Accepted Answer

A single cell accumulating mutations

Question 15

Genes whose function is lost during carcinogenesis are classified as:

Accepted Answer

Tumor suppressor genes

Question 16

Tumor suppressor genes can be classified as recessive because:

Accepted Answer

Both allele copies must be inactivated for complete loss of function

Question 17

Functional mutations in tumor suppressor genes result in the loss of what?

Accepted Answer

Growth inhibitory mechanisms

Question 18

The p53 gene is an example of a:

Accepted Answer

Tumor suppressor gene

Question 19

Approximately what percentage of human cancers possess p53 mutations?

Accepted Answer

50%

Question 20

Proto-oncogenes are genes whose function becomes what in carcinogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Enhanced

Genetic Factors in Cancer Development

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