Question 1

Which ancient Greek philosopher, according to the text, proposed that the soul has a visceral and a sensitive component that provide irrational motivational forces?

Accepted Answer

Plato

Question 2

What philosophical approach, initiated by Plato and Aristotle, dominated Western thought until the mid-19th century?

Accepted Answer

Rationalism

Question 3

René Descartes, within the line of rationalism, emphasized the role of what in understanding motivations and emotions, leading to the mechanistic theory?

Accepted Answer

Instinct

Question 4

Which philosophical current emerged from Descartes's mechanism and opposed rationalism, with Hobbes as a key proponent who identified hedonism as a motivational principle?

Accepted Answer

Empiricism

Question 5

The arrival of Darwin's ideas in the mid-19th century marked a shift from pre-scientific theories towards which new conception of motivation?

Accepted Answer

Biologist

Question 6

Darwin's theory suggested that organisms exhibit automatic and stereotyped behaviors with an essential function for what?

Accepted Answer

Survival

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major perspectives in current motivation research mentioned in the text?

Accepted Answer

Existential perspective

Question 8

The biological perspective of motivation focuses on variables that lead an organism in a state of rest to what?

Accepted Answer

Activity

Question 9

Which concepts dominated the early works of the biological perspective of motivation, with Hull and Spence as prominent representatives?

Accepted Answer

Instinct, drive, activation, need, energization

Question 10

The behaviorist approach to motivation centers on the relationship between motivation and what?

Accepted Answer

Learning

Question 11

What key ideas from Darwin's evolutionary theory had a significant impact on the psychology of motivation?

Accepted Answer

Interrelated evolution of species and innate behaviors for adaptation/survival

Question 12

William James suggested that instincts function blindly in response to a stimulus, but how do they change with subsequent occasions?

Accepted Answer

They are modified by experience and memory

Question 13

Due to the indiscriminate use of the term 'instinct', ethologists eventually replaced it with what term to refer to species-specific movements in response to a stimulus?

Accepted Answer

Fixed action patterns

Question 14

William McDougall emphasized instinct as the driving force behind behavior, proposing that instincts and their associated emotions were the triggers for behavior aimed at what?

Accepted Answer

Seeking goals

Question 15

McDougall's theory was criticized and eventually rejected for not adequately accounting for which factors?

Accepted Answer

Learning processes and individual experience

Question 16

The concept of activation or arousal in biological theories of motivation is associated with the work of which researcher on the functions of the autonomic nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Cannon

Question 17

The Yerkes-Dodson law suggests that the optimal level of motivation for task performance is found at:

Accepted Answer

Intermediate levels of activation

Question 18

The homeostatic model of motivation, proposed by Cannon, is based on the idea that the organism tries to return to an initial state of what?

Accepted Answer

Equilibrium

Question 19

John B. Watson, the introducer of behaviorism, opposed instinct theories by arguing that motivation arises from what?

Accepted Answer

Previous behaviors

Question 20

Clark Hull's theory of drive, considered the first empirically demonstrable interpretation of motivation, is based on the concept of homeostasis and biological survival, leading to a sequence of:

Accepted Answer

Need, drive, activity, drive reduction, need satisfaction

A Journey Through the History of Motivation Theories

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