Question 1

The 2024 UN Biodiversity Conference (COP16) was extended and reconvened in Rome in February 2025. What was a key financial agreement reached during this extended session to support developing countries in implementing conservation targets?

Accepted Answer

A roadmap was agreed to provide developing countries with US$200 billion annually by 2030.

Question 2

What significant international legal development occurred on July 23, 2025, regarding states' obligations in relation to climate change?

Accepted Answer

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued an advisory opinion affirming states' legal obligations to protect the environment from greenhouse gas emissions and cooperate to limit warming to 1.5°C.

Question 3

The negotiation for a legally binding global instrument to end plastic pollution encountered challenges. Which of the following statements accurately reflects a key issue and the status of these negotiations by mid-2025?

Accepted Answer

The Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC-5.2) in Geneva, August 2025, failed to reach a final agreement due to ongoing stalemates over plastic production caps and chemical regulations.

Question 4

Which multilateral climate fund's project portfolio analysis between 2010 and 2020 revealed a disconnect from the scientifically established recognition of transboundary climate risks, primarily focusing on local-scale adaptation?

Accepted Answer

All analyzed funds showed a similar focus on local-scale adaptation.

Question 5

The EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) officially entered its 'definite period' on January 1, 2026. What does this entail for importers of affected goods?

Accepted Answer

Importers will be obligated to purchase and surrender certificates corresponding to the carbon emissions embedded in imported goods.

Question 6

The Arctic Council, marking its 30th anniversary in 2026, has been a cornerstone of regional cooperation. What is identified as its greatest achievement over the past three decades?

Accepted Answer

Building durable, trust-based collaboration among Arctic States, Indigenous Permanent Participants, and scientific experts.

Question 7

COP29, held in Baku in November 2024, established a new global target for climate finance. What is this target, known as the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG)?

Accepted Answer

Developed countries committed to leading the mobilization of at least US$300 billion annually by 2035, replacing the previous US$100 billion goal.

Question 8

The BBNJ Agreement, concerning the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, reached a critical milestone in September 2025. What was this milestone?

Accepted Answer

It achieved 60 ratifications, triggering its entry into force on January 17, 2026.

Question 9

The Nordic Climate Adaptation Programme (NCAP) opened its 2026 call for project funding. What is a key focus of this initiative, which is part of the Programme for Nordic Co-operation on the Environment and Climate 2025–2027?

Accepted Answer

Strengthening collaboration, knowledge exchange, and innovation for climate adaptation across Nordic countries.

Question 10

In 2024, climate litigation continued to evolve globally. Which of the following is an accurate observation about climate litigation trends from the 'Global Trends in Climate Change Litigation: 2025 Snapshot' report?

Accepted Answer

While the pace of new filings slowed globally in 2024 (apart from the US), approximately 20% of climate cases targeted companies or their directors and officers.

Global Environmental Diplomacy: Key Treaties, Climate Finance, and Cross-Border Cooperation in 2024-2026

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